final paper

Aaron Rodriguez

Philosophy 1510

Mendell

December 10, 2016

Nature of the Mind

Gilbert Ryle makes claims about how mind effects nature. His statements talk about how mind does not affect the natural world and if it actually affects the natural world. The first claim he makes is “minds are not in space nor are their operations subject to mechanical laws” ( Perry 273) His claim is stating that minds don’t have mechanical laws therefore they cannot mechanically change the world since that is the only way that the world can be affected. I disagree with his claim because even though the mind doesn’t have mechanical functions they send signals to the functioning body parts to do mechanical functions. The mind process the information of the physical world which means that the physical world which is how the physical world communicates with the mind and the mind sends messages to the body to interact with the physical world. If the world can communicate with the mind and the mind can communicate to the world then the mind does in fact affect nature.Ryle later says ”what the mind wills the legs, arms and the tongue execute” (Perry 273). Even though the body is the one interacting with the world the body parts would not be able to interact with the world if it wasn’t for the mind. Take brain dead people for instance. Those who are brain dead cannot interact with the world because the body parts do not have their own ability to interact with the world their ability comes from the mind. Another statement that he tries to use to support his claim “the workings of one mind are not witnessable by other observers its career is private” ( Perry 274). However  this is untrue, the working of the mind are in fact witnessable by other minds and this is shown in things like art. People make things like movies, songs and paintings which are the works of people and these are witnessable by other observers. Which is evident when one watches a movie. One person or a group of people make a movie and then others are able to see it when they watch it in the movie theaters and online. These are the workings of one mind and others can witness those workings by seeing what one person made therefore not making the career of one mind private from others. Ryle says  “That the theoretically interesting category-mistakes are those made by people who are perfectly competent to apply concepts, at least in the situations with which they are familiar, but are still liable in their abstract thinking to allocate those concepts to logical to which they do not belong. An instance of a mistake of this sort would  be the following story. A student of politics has learned the main differences between the British, the French and the American Constitutions, and has learned also the differences and connections between the Cabinet, Parliament, the various Ministries, the Judicature, and the Church of England. But he still becomes embarrassed when asked questions about the connections between the Church of England, the Home office, and the British Constitution. For while the Church and the Home Office are institutions, the British constitution is not another institution in the same sense of that noun. So inter-institutional relations which can be asserted or denied to hold between the Church and the Home Office cannot be asserted or denied to hold between either of them and the British Constitution. "The British Constitution" is not a term of the same logical gland” (Perry 276). Ryle tries to make a parallel between governments and the mind and body he states that Parliament,  Cabinet and Ministries are all part of the government which the government would be the body and the the branches of government would be the mind and body parts. In this case the three branches are independent from each other but work toward running the same country. This is similar to a body because they both towards the same goal one is to interact with the world the other is to sustain a country. The difference is that the branches of government can be independent of each other while the mind and body depend on each other to function. The body needs the mind to process information to know how to react while the mind needs the body to interact with the physical world by producing the actions it wants to leave its interaction on the world.  The final way that Ryle tries to justify the way that the mind and body are independent is that they are both so complex that they must be independent by saying “ As the human body is a complex organised unit, so the human mind must be another complex organised unit, so the human mind must be another complex organised unit, though one made of a different sort of stuff and with a different sort of other paracel of matter, is a field of cause and effects, so the mind must be another field of causes and effects, though not (heaven be praised) mechanical causes and effects” (Perry 277-278). This is absure to think that just because something is complex it should be able to do everything on its own. For example a television and speakers are independently complex and a screen is independently complex however without speakers a movie has no sound and without a screen speakers have no images and movies and tv shows would be boring without either. Merely because something is complex that does not mean that it can do all the necessary functions. This is seen by the television and speaker example this is the same with the mind and the body they are both complex units and net other things to perform at optimum levels.

In conclusion the mind and body are dependent on each other to function. Also no matter how complex the ability that each has they can not perform all the functions needed in order to make the body function properly. All the justification to try and separate the body and the mind are irrelevant because the systems that they use as analogies are multiple different complex sets and even though they can work independently they can not run the whole system. When they try and prove their points they disprove it at the same time when they don’t take into account that the system doesn’t perform all the necessary jobs in order to function fluently and correctly.

Bibliography

Perry, John. Introduction To Philosophy. Seventh ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2016. Print.

Final Paper Notes: gilbert ryle

• minds are not in space nor are their operations subject to mechanical laws. 
• the workings of one mind are not witnessable by other observers its career is private 
• only i can take direct cognisance of the states and processes of my own mind 
• It is customary to express this bifurcation of his two lives and his two world by saying that the things and events which belong to the physical world, including his own body, are external, while the workings of his own mind are internal. This antithesis of outer and inner is of course is meant to be constructed as a metaphor, since minds, not being in space, could not be described as being spatially inside anything else, or as having things going on spatially inside themselves.
• what the mind wills the legs, arms and the tongue execute  
• no casual connection between the mind and the physical world 
• mental states and processes are ( or are normally) concious states and processes and the conciousness which irradiates them can engender no illusion and leaves the door open for no doubts 
• the self-observation is also commonly supposed to be immunue from illusion, confusion, or doubt. A mind's reports of its own affairs have a certainty superior to the best that is possesed by its reports matters in the physical world 
• on the other side, one person has no direct access of any sort to the events of the inner life of another. 
• He cannot do better than make problematic inderences from the observed behaviour of the other person's body to the states of mind which by analogy from his own conduct, he supposes to be signalised by that behaviour. 
• fir the supposed arguments from bodily movements similar to their own to mental workings similar to their own would lack any possibility of observational corroboration \
• direct access to the workings of a mind is the privelage of that mind itself; in default  of such privileged access, the workings of one mind are inevitability occult to everyone else. For the supposed arguments from bodily movements similar to their own to mental workings similar to their own would lack any possibility of observational corroboration. 
• not unnaturally, therfore an adherent of the official theory finds it difficult to resist this consequence of his premisese, that has no good reason to believe that there do exist minds other than his own 
• even if he prefers to believe that to other human bodies there are harnessed minds not unlike his own, he  cannot claim to be able to discover their individual characteristics, or the particular things that they undergo and do
• category mistake in the Ghost in the Machine : It represents the facts of mental life as if they belonged to one logical type of category (or range of types or categories), when they actually belong to another. The dogma is therefore a philosopher 's myth. In attempting to explode the myth I shall probably be taken to be denying well-known facts about the mental life of human beings, and my plea that I aim mental-conduct concepts will probably be disallowed as mere subterfuge
• the illustrations of not having a designated person team spirit in cricket have a common feature which must be noticed. The mistakes were made by people who did not know how to wield the concepts University, division, and team spirit. Their puzzles arose from inability to use certain items in the English vocabulary 
• the theoretically interesting category-mistakes are those made by people who are perfectly competent to apply concepts, at least in the situations with which they are familiar, but are still liable in their abstract thinking to allocate those concepts to logical to which they do not belong. An instance of a mistake of this sort would  be the following story. A student of politics has learned the main differences between the British, the French and the American Constitutions, and has learned also the differences and connections between the Cabinet, Parliament, the various Ministries, the Judicature, and the Church of England. But he still becomes embarrassed when asked questions about the connections between the Church of England, the Home office, and the British Constitution. For while the Church and the Home Office are instututions, the British constitution is not another instutution in the same sense of that noun. So inter-institutional relations which can be asserted or denied to hold between the Church and the Home Office cannot be asserted or denied to hold between either of them and the British Constitution. "The British Constitution" is not a term of the same logical gland.,
• My destructive purpose is to show that a family of radical category-mistakes is the source of the double-life theory. The representation of a person as a ghost mysteriously ensconed in a machine derives from this argument. Because, as is true, a person's thinking, feeling, and purposive doing cannot be described solely in the idioms of physics, chemistry, and physiology, therfore they must be described in counterpart idioms. As the human body is a complex organised unit, so the human mind must be another complex organised unit, so the human mind must be another complex organised unit, though one made of a different sort of stuff and with a different sort of other paracel of matter, is a field of cause and effects, so the mind must be another field of causes and effects, though not (heaven be praised) mechanical causes and effects.
• The problem of the Freedom of the Will was the problem how the hypothesis that minds are to described in terms drawn from the categories of mechanics with the knowledge that higher-grade human conduct is not of a piece with the behaviour of mechanics 

system development

• system is a collection of objects to achieve a goal
• information system - system development is a continuous cycle
• it is composed of the following activities
• planning analysis
• design and develop
• testing
• system develop life cycle
• importance of product management
• definition of mission, objective and goals
• outline of activities
• time estimates
• project management software
• used for planning, scheduling and control
• ASAN
• gant chart
• critical activities when you increase the time you increase the time of the project
• phases of system development
• planning
• analysis
• design and development
• implement
• operate
• design
• creating technical specifications acquiring hardwar - RFI, RFP and RFQ
• testing vendor proposals
• detailed design
• implementing phase
• develop programs
• install users
• convert to the new system
• parallel
• phased
• pilot
• languages
• machine
• assembly
• procedural
• 4 gl
• object orientation
• visual development languages and enviorment
• bianary hexadecimal
• assembly language
• interpreter and compiler
• object orientation
• more on visual studio
• visual c++
• webpage design
• HTML and XHTML
• cripts applets, servlets and active X controls
• adds dynamic content
• scripting languages
• perl
• PHP
• wb1.0 and web 2.0
• web authoring software
• Microsoft expression web
• cloud computing tools
• google sites
• word press
• drupel
• multimedia

for security partition should be formatted using the following file system

windows is with dot net

• can bring one sheet of paper
• extensions on access 2013
• why is there security warnigs
• what is a lookup field
• what is a multi value field
• look at field properties
• what are the different ways to execute a query
• what is a joint query
• how to join 2 tables
• query properties
• relationships
• query design window with multiple tables - what would the output be
• understand access
• show a simple querry and have an sql statement
• what is a dsl line
• what is the difference between a secure session
• what is internet telephones
• how do large organizations connect to the internet
• know the difference between a network router and switch
• what is the best security
• what is metta data
• know what a one to one, one to many and many to many relationships is
• how do you fight against Trojan horses
• what do you do with macros
• know what a digital signature is
• what is a ganchar
• what is meant by compiling a program
• what Is a unix based computer architecture
• what is enterprise computing
• what is a network attatched storage
• how to display split forms

• x remembers phi 
• x remembers phi at t 
• x now has phenomminological recovery at phi ing at t1 
• if there is an xt, such that xt1 phd and x now is x at t1 
• this leads to a circularity 
• xt1 phid 
• there is an appropriate causal chain from x at t1 phing at x now having phenomenal memory 
• memory depends on bodily continuity 
• who is julia ? 
• is she her when she is given a different brain but the same body 
• is this a brain transplant 
• or a body transplant 
• suppose we take sergio and take half of his brain out and put it in someones body 
• and freeze the rest of him 
• 
  

office hours Thursday 12-3

• ship of Theseus
• is it the ship of thesisus if we take out all the parts and replace them  
• what makes us the same person is that there is a chain of memory 
• fake memory 
• in order for there to be a memory it has to be a phenomenal memory 
• x has a real memory of phi  - x has a phenomenal memory of phing at t 
• x now has a phenomenal memory of phing at t1 
• x now phid at t1 and now x is that person 
• 
  

• is this a question 
• yes, if this is an answer 
• syntax 
• semantics 
• think of a language and think of all the sentences that are true of the language 
• P,Q 
• a language consist of 2 sentences  
• 2 T 
• model- a world in where that language is true of 
• manipulation of symbols and meaning 
• 
  

• can a machine think 
• can a machine win the imitation game 
• twinning game 
• john mccarther - early 1960s 
• terry wnograd 
• started a movement of writing computer programs for artificial intelligence 
• first computer programming - wsp 
• sail came next 
• intentionality 
•  john seule 
• paul gice 
• gendonken expirement - thought experiment 
• 
  

substance dualism

• since you need the same matter in order to be resurected how is that possible 
• the same matter is when you die or when you are six years old 
• behaviorism 
• dispositional behaviorism 
• functionalism 
• the basic laws of how bodies act shouldnt be different from a human to anything else 
• as barcly says is to be or to be a perciever 
• my cat and i have conciousness but i dont know what its like to be a cat 
• mental monism is called idealism 
• im thinking of rain in berlin its not a property of matter 
• i am a in a certain brain state 
• attribute dualism 
• charles babbages 
• lady ada lovlay 
• alan luring 
• alonzo church 
• couperalion 
• theory 
• lady ada loblis is the first person to write computer programing 
• within the confines of upper middle class society nobody cared what torin did 
• to avoid jail he was forced to take estrogen hormones 
• the sender can ask questions 
• the questioner can ask any question 
• the players are trying to convince the guy he is the real one 
• we can see that in such a game a lot of things can happen 
• the man or the woman can be chosen 
• both are intellegent enough to help convince that he or she is the woman 
• 
  

• harry
• jackson reports churchlin
• by leibnez law is if a is identical to b then everything that is true of a is true of b 
• knowledge that 
• knowledge by aquantaince 
• i know christina is in the class but i dont know who she is 
• saber in spanish 
• savoir in french 
• conocer in spanish 
• comutre in french 
• mary knows everything that there is to know about brain states 
• precieving is such and such a state of the brain 
• mary is acquainted with chrchlin and their properties 
• know that 
• know how having a kind of ability 
• the physical account doesnt include qualia 
• the experiencing of qualia 
• percepts 
• sense data 
• J.L Austin 
• 
  

• the churhlins position is that it might be the case that our mental 
• death 
• certain discoveries make us think of things differently symmantically 
• semantic decisions arent about discoveries its about making coherent about making new facts 
• saying the wall is brown is merely an indication that the wall is brown  
• x sees the red tomato 
• does he learn something now what it's like to see red 
• bleach/white world 
• Tully is cicero 
• christina knows that tully as an orator 

• identity theory ( 2 types ) 
• type - type 
• token - token 
• 1-to1
• a 1 to 1 correspondence in which each member for one set has a corresponding member for the other member 
• sean has the same belief but his brain state may be different from my brain state 
• physicalism
• there is a difference between the type- type state  and the token-token state: jerry foder 
• gresham's law 
• if there is a lot of conterfit money there is less confidence in the money 
• physical account book
• if you ask is there a physical kind called money
• with money there is only a token-token
• decartes- the mind is a thing that is thinking 
• i am thinking about paris 
• folk psychology is fundamentally wrong 
• you is second person
• I has a unity of mind and body 
• does conciousness make a difference

• Identity Thesis 
• mental states are just physical states 
• the identity thesis only gets meaning in contrast to dual behaviorism 
• belief states are a kind of physical state 
• Functionalism 
• Dual Behaviorism 
• menal state 
• physical state 
•  mental states 
• "mary belives the election is Tuesdays means something about belief behavior
• token types 
• for ever mental type there is a physical type 
• minimal identity thesis 
• the richer thing comes in functionalism 
• functionalism is to deal with the problems of behaviorism 
• let's suppose you have a kind of machine 
• your computers are functionally understood 
• you treat your computer behavioristically 
•  there is a black box with outputs and inputs 
• what we think is going on is that there is a database to see if the word is used in that way 
• or uses a variation that could be that word using an algorithm 
• what Aristotle says is that one of the marks of sensation are the sense that we are sensing or that we perceive that we are perceiving 
• what armstrong does is he picks this up 
• my driving is happening whether i am aware of it or not 
• the driver in a state of automisim is aware of the road or he would be in a ditch 
• i concieve of conciousnes as kant talks about an inner sense 
• each of us has the power to percieve our own minds 
• the conclusion is there are unner states in purly physical states 

• What is the best [ scientific?] theory of the mind 
• What is consciousness
• behavioriesm 
• john watson
• john broadens 
• B.F. Skine 
• modifications 
• Gilbert Ryle 
• dualism 
• physicalism 
• the question can be put this way 
• there are 2 sorts of predicates 
• there are purely physical predicates 
• there are person predicates 
• psychological state predicates- anais has feeling about the elction, anais is in pain and so forth 
• in all anais is the subject 
• is mind a substance 
• if your a cartesian you'll say yes 
• if your gilbert ryle you'll say no 
• anais is in pain 
• what is th meaning of the predicate? 
• there is the first person feature and the third person feature 
• third person: behavior 
• vickenshting thinks it is wrong to think of pain is a smoething but its not right to say its a nothing
• category mistake 
• zugma- a yolking; something yolked,; bound together 
• disposition exhibit pain behavior 
• disposition 
• propensity 
• feeling pain is to have an inclination to exhibit pain behavior
• armstrong was a leader of Australian philosophy - a school which wanted to argue that in one for that every statement in this form is equvelant to a statement of anisis in such in such a physical state 

• nasty joke- a student makes a joke about cambridge and says wheres the university 
• if we are brains in a vat we don't need more than one brain in a vat 
• other minds 
• reverse spectrum question 
• what is conciousness? 
• "it hurts" 
• "Does it hurt you?" 
• molijeux 
• first person use of pain 
• third person use of pain 
• both go into the language of pain and are crucially part of the language of pain 
• third person use is exclusively about behavior 
• subjective - it depends on the subject for its truth 
• objective - something that is independent of a given subject 
• solopsism 
• analogy in me 
• a causes b 
• judiciery pain 
• pain calculation 
• category mistake 
• makes joke a little nastier i dont want to know where the building is i want to know where the university is 

• the infinite being 
• simple minds 
• something else 
• ideas 
• material bodies 
• epiphenomenon 
• elizabeth is an epiphenomenon she doesn't play a role in the story 
• minds can clearly cause themselves to do things 
• how do bodies by producing ideas cause minds 
• how does causality even occur? 
• what is causality ? 
• spinosa ends up saying that part of the issue is in the definition of the word substance 
• in decartes principles he defines it a something completely independent of anything else 
• god is constantly recreating the universe 
• the issue becomes how many substances are there 
• the only real substance is god 
• spinosa takes decartes picture and the only substance is god 
• god and matter are bits of the same thing 
• for spinoza when i kick thing and it makes it the same as the sound it makes 
• there is no time and space they are just causality 
• this is the best of all possible worlds 
• why bother with material objects they are doing nothing in the story 
• for barkley all there are are ideas which are the visual and sensory feel 
• if it is a congry of sensations there is nothing being sensed therefore it doesn't exist 
• the ordinary person doesn't have a concept of material bodies 
• john locke - set the british ball rolling by being an imericist  
• impiricist- someone who things all of our knowledge comes from our experience 
• hume is coming from the ideas of barcly and locke mainly 
• hume thinks Barcly is crazy but right 
• hume says we clearly think there are material objects 
• we think that objects continue to exist when they aren't looked at 
• we think that the tree doesn't depend on me preconceiving it now and is independent of me 
• deosexmachina - don't kill your son and make him a priest ( god from the machine) ie something being brought in to save the day 
• what makes us think objects are continuous? 
• the vulgar - the common person 
• hume and barcly thing they are defending the view of the vulgar 
• humes point is tha we think things exist independent without humans 
• we have a prepensity that objects continue to exist when we don't look at them 
• material bodies cause our ideas 
• once you recognize that there are material objects becasue of a propensity to believe there are material objects 
• what is it to be a skeptic? 
• to be a skeptic means to say I don't know 
• hume is going to look at 2 questions 
• do my ideas, the object i see when i am no perceiving them ? 
• do objects continue to exist when i am not seeing them ? 
• are objects independent of being percieved? 
• substance 
• sensation 
• reason 
• imagination 
• there is nothing that the sense faculty says that 2 sensations are the same thing 
• there is nothing in your sensory faculty that doesn't come from sensation 
• given that everyone's ideas different the only thing you can do is that there is a similarity between idea A and idea B but it doesn't tell you they are the same object just similar ideas 
• there is a relation between your first idea and your second idea 
• certain things are followed by certain other things 
• the only thing that can be causing this is a strong disposition from our memory that ther are  these types of things but there is no reason to think that 
• what you see when someone kicks the table is sensory and auditory 
• you believe that by kicking the table he caused the noise but there is nothing in your sensation that has cause 
• we believe the noise happens because the one sort of event is commonly followed by the other 
• there is no rational cause of induction 

• davidderi
• possible worlds
• exploited by saul kriepke
• nearness relations of 2 possible worlds
• describing a view of Hilary Putnam
• kripke developed a theory of meaning which is part of the modal argument
• is a perfect life but its not real a life worth choosing
• water refers to that thing that we identify as water
• there are events
• causal theory of meaning
• if you refer to someone other people can refer to them through you
• the meaning is fixed by a rigid designation
• the meaning of the word water is just that stuff
• twin earth argument
• there is earth and twin earth
• twin earth almost exactly like earth
• everything is exactly the same except water is H20 on earth and twin earth water is something else
• twin allen utters the sounds "this water is good"
• earth allen utters the sound "this water is good"
• on earth water refers to h20
• on twin earth it refers to schwater
• what's the difference?
• strong AI
• there is no reason not to think that the thermometer thinks its 80 degree
• if you think this you have a different view of the way the world is structured
• the word to water is something different when twin Allen utters it then what it means when uttered by Allen
• "we might be brains in a vat"
• the word water gets its meaning from the true and false sentences of English etc.
• consider whether that sentence can be true
• objects, images and me
• quiz - mostly multiple choice need a scantron with places for writing will send a study guide, it might be open book, we will be covering the antological argument, humes argument the leibnetz passage, Putnam is legitimate game

• dream
• any
• it is possible I don't have any body
• I have a clear and distinct idea that I am a thinking thing
• I have a clear and distinct idea of body
• body is extension 
• These can be apart I have a clear and distinct idea of this
•  saul kripke- smartest person in American philosophy
• Lebniz Law a=b - everything of a is true for b
• a = b imples if b of a ( of a - b)
• box p it is necessary that p
• box p it is possible that p
• if a = b it follows that if box a  = a - box a = b
• the second thing
• box a = a - ( a=b - box a = b)
• if p is the case then q is the case then r is the case is equvelant to if p and q is the case then r is the case
• if Christina is a California resident then if Christina has a drivers license then Christina has a California drivers license
• this is equivalent to if Christina is a resident in California and has a drivers license then she has a California drivers license
• every rule of logic says a=a
• a= b necessarily if a=b
• not a = b the a doesn't = b
• if Christina is in los angeles she is in California
• if chirstina is not in  California then she is not in Los Angeles
• water might be h3O
• dream argument is a thought experiment
•  decartes is a mechanist
• all physical things are just extensions with geometrical space
• newton overthrew mechanism
• the basic picture for the mind is an un extended substance
• the point where the mind and body connect is the brain
• the core to dualism is that the physical world consist of matter
• how does an extend thing cause an extend thing to move
• Decartes think all of your memories are contained in your brain and your soul observes the information in your brain

October 3, 2016

• c&d = clear and distinct
• all of my clear and distinct ideas are true - argument
• If there is even one clear and distinct idea that's not true then I am not certain that of I exist an once thinking thing
• I am certain that I exist and am a res cogitans
• Therefore, there is not a single clear and distinct idea that is false
• because of the Suarez argument I am a thinking thing
• just as I know that wax whether it exists or not it is flexible and changeable
• If you get rid of one of them you get rid of the while lot
• if you make the argument that you are dreaming now it holds when you have perceived real objects
• This is the only thing that can gives us certainty is that you perceive things clear and distinctly
• argument goes back to the stoics
• they were fighting off ancient skeptics
• if you have an impression that is almost like another it can't be the same
• Suarez
• meditation 3 : I have a concept of god as an infinite perfection
• if god is infinite perfection there is a problem of evil
• how is it that god makes me someone who can be wrong, doubted or deceived
• meditation 4 - god does give me something perfect, god gives me an infinite will
• I have the ability t decide to believe or not to believe
• since god gives me infinite will because he gives me finite judgment
• its my fault if I choose to decide to act outside my finite judgment
• its dangerous if I act outside my clear and distinct ideas
• because there is a demon I don't know if my images are based in reality
• god is not a deceiver
• everything I clearly and distinctly grasp must be true
• god will not deceive me in my memory of what I perceived to be true
• god also guarantees that my memory of clear and distinct ideas is secure
• even if I am dreaming those aren't things I clearly and distinctly perceive only things that I clearly distinct and perceive are real
• I am a res cogitans
• God exists ( no evil demon)
• mathematics is true
• even if there are no material objects and none of us exists the special images are coherent
• this doesn't give you that the external world exists this gives you that the imagination is okay
• what about physical objects?
• 2 arguments
• the argument is for physical objects existing
• the other is that the mind and bodies are distinct ( although my mind and my body are tightly connected)  - princess Elizabeth puts pressure on this argument
• the corner Descartes encounters is the main problem of dualism
• physical objects can exist ( mathematics)
• anything I c&d perceive is possible
• I c&d geometric objects
• god can make what's possible
• god can make physical objects
• distinguishes between things I can imagine and things I can understand
• I conconjecture that physical objects exist
• I am inclined to so believe that my impressions of physical objects come from physical objects and not something else
• if there are no physical objects god is a deceiver
• If a is distinct from b clearly and distinctly then a and b can exist apart
• If clearly and distinctly perceive a apart from b than a I distinct from b
• By process of doubt I perceive c&d only that I am a thinking thing as opposed to a thinking thing with a body
• I am distinct from any body and so by ( a and b are existing apart) can exist apart form it  

Decartes argument

• knowledge
• ( existence of ) God
•  [ what and?
• how do I know the physical already exist
• what is possible
• some languages have tense and no aspect
• English distinguishes I think and I am thinking
• I think distinguishes a state of being
• how do you know there is thinking going on?
• " I am and I exist"
• res cogitons - thing which is thinking
• once its established their is a thinking thing there is a thinking thing
• clan and distinct idea
• pains are unclear and indistinct
• what is it to be a clear and distinct idea
• it has to be apriori
• wax characteristics
• extension
• flexible and mutable
• can only have mental images of a shape not every shape
• can't have general images

decartes

• most influential philosopher of the 18th century
• made Cartesian coordinates
• the dominant philosophical view at the time
• Aristotle was the dominant philosophical view
• sextus empiricus - is a skeptic : greek philosophical school  
• Aristotle is an empiricist : someone who thinks all of our knowledge comes from experience in particular all our concepts
• rationalism ( associated with plato) - sophisticated decartes
• concepts are innate
• empiricists (Aristotle) - scholastics , all understanding comes from experience
• if I can find reason to doubt I will doubt it
• metaphysical skepticism and ordinary scepticism
•  it may undermine an empiricist
• shouldn't doubt your senses even if you make mistakes
• melancholy- the disease of having black bile in your system causing hallucinations
• ordinary deceptive sensations 
• all other sensations are safe  ( dream argument) - all bodies are lost = what's left is colors extension., numbers, motion, time, place, shape, no physics or medicine or astronomy but mathematics exists
• start with all sensations
• if god is good why did he make me be able to be deceived
• not god - evil genius
• if there is an evil demon he can trick me  - I can be completely deceived - filtered out, colors extensions mathematics, etc. 
• My having of sensations can't be unreal 

Hume

• Aristotle
• can speak of a capacity and a disposition
• disposition - how easy you get irritated
• capacity - the ability for something to happen
• Hume builds on this point
• first thing Hume points out is that pleasure and pain move all animals to action
• would the avoidance of pleasure be the new pain?
• 1.) God is good
• 2.) God is Nasty 
• Manicheon  - 2 deities i.e. God/satan, Good/Evil,
• 4.) 1,2,3 are all wrong because there is no goodness or badness in thing only in human sentiment

September 19, 2016

• standard argument has a major premise and a minor premise
• mojor premise - first premise
• minor - second premise
• if p then q
• p is the major
• q is the minor
• all a's are b's
• x is a
• x is B
• an argument is syllogism
• prosyllogism an argument for syllogism
• oddesy a trip of god
• Argument is: God is not omnipotent or God is not omniscient or God is not good
• God didn't create the best world so god is not omnipotent, omniscient or not good
• Duns Scotus - God could have made it no be the case the 3+4=7
• a.) 3+4=10
• b.) there is no 3,4,10 etc.  
•  If being good is part of gods nature how could he make something bad
• God makes the best possible universe
• one thing he puts into the best universe possible is free will which creates good and evil
• a word with evil would be better with a world without evil
• the best possible world must have free will
• the few good people may outweigh the badness of the rest of us
• there has to be some goodness and badness because there is free will
• god doesn't talk about natural disasters
• could god have made the world without them?
• Potato famine came from the greed of others
• human dispositions: to get angry, to help people, to rob people
• natural dispositions: earthquakes, volcanoes             

• there are 2 boxes one with 10000 dollars and the other has nothing or 100,000 dollars 
• which do you  choose 
• 1/1000 (1,010,000) + 999/1000 (10000) = 11000
• 1 boxer 1/100 x - + 999/1000 x 1m = 999000 
• newcombs paradox
• god is good
• god is omnipotent
• god is omniscient
• god can make anything bad not occur
• bad things won't occur
• 
  

• mathematical induction 
• n = (d) d+1/2 
• (n+1) (n+1)+1)
• not a pasteriori are quesitons of meaning 
• philo ( deist) 
• cleanthes ( stoic) (christian) 
•  whatever is the creator of the universe is god 
• deist dont believe in an anthropomorphize god 
• Leibnez ( second smartest person in the 18th century behind newton) 
• famous for a dispute with newton who discovered calculus 
• became a national dispute between England and Hanover 
• Voltarre 
•  Condidile 
• Richard Newcombe 
• Is the notion of omipitance a coherent notion 
• can god make something so big that he can't move it 
• Arguments that should work are arguments of experience 
• Rene Decartes 
• takes the argument from games 
• what is a good bet ? 
• if god exists you gain all 
• if he doesen't then you lose nothing ? 
• Protestant vs Catholic  war ended in 1649 and started in 1619 

God = ngc

1.  If x understands "p" then "p" exists in the understanding of x 
2. the fool understands ngc 
3. therefore, NGC exists in the understanding of the fool 
4. Suppose NGC doesn't exist in reality 
5. x understands NGC existing in reality 
6. NGC existing in reality exists in the understanding 
7. NGC existing in reality is greater than the NGC 
8. (7) is a contradiction 
9. X can not understand NGC does not exist in reality 

                      God exists